Tracheal intubation in the lateral position in emergency medicine: a narrative review and clinical protocol

doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2025.034

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Tracheal intubation (TI) is a fundamental procedure for securing the airway or assisting ventilation in emergency medicine. Tracheal intubation in the lateral position (TILP) has been utilized in clinical practice, demonstrating potential advantages in specific scenarios, including emergency settings. However, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews and practical protocols on TILP application. To address this gap, we performed a narrative review, and provided evidence-based recommendations to formulate a practice protocol, to assist clinicians to effectively apply TILP.
METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of TILP applications and developed recommendations based on clinical research evidence and clinical experience. Delphi method was used among the TILP consortium to grade the strength of the recommendations and to help reach consensus. The practice protocols were formulated as warranted by advancements in medical knowledge, technology, and practice.
RESULTS: This narrative review summarized the current evidence on TILP application, highlighting its safety, efficacy, challenges, and potential complications. In total, 24 recommendations and a clinical protocol for TILP application in emergency patients were established.
CONCLUSION: TILP is a valuable technique in emergency medicine. We reviewed its application in emergency settings and formulated recommendations along with a clinical practice protocol. Future studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TILP, broaden its scope of application, and explore effective training protocols.

Key words: Tracheal intubation, Lateral position, Emergency medicine, Critical care

Ping Cui, Tingting Wen, Bingduo Wang, Shuijing Wu, Shiyu Chen, Xiangming Fang, TILP consortium. Tracheal intubation in the lateral position in emergency medicine: a narrative review and clinical protocol[J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2025, 16(2): 103-112.

Figures/Tables 2

Table 1.

Recommendations for the application of tracheal intubation in the lateral position (TILP)

Recommended items		Recommendation level	References
Specific patients in a forced or reserved lateral position
1	Patient with ankylosing spondylitis	Class I	[23,43-44]
2	Patient with penetrating trauma	Class II	[22,45,46]
3	Patients unable to assume supine position, such as large masses or pain in the cervical and dorsal regions, large sacral nerve sheath tumors, absence of the occipital bone, large occipital encephaloceles, or large abdominal tumors, etc.	Class I	[47⇓⇓-50]
4	Patient in the lateral position requiring emergency airway management during surgery	Class I	[51⇓-53]
5	Patient requiring surgery in the lateral position, such as gastrointestinal endoscopy, etc.	Class I	[54,55]
Specific patients with known or anticipate difficult intubation
1	Patient with severely obese or obstructive sleep apnea	Class II	[7,56]
2	Patient with unilateral airway compression due to large thyroid/bronchial tumors, mediastinal tumors, etc.	Class I	[33⇓-35,57]
3	Patient with specific known difficult airways, such as large sublingual cysts, etc.	Class II	[58]
4	Patient with specific anticipated difficult intubation, such as history of previous oropharyngeal or head and neck surgeries, etc.	Class II	[59]
Specific patients at high risk of aspiration
1	Patient with full-stomach, such as intestinal obstruction, etc.	Class I	[10]
2	Patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding	Class I	[8]
3	Parturient, such as abruptio placentae	Class II	[36]
4	Patient with active bleeding in the oropharynx, such as massive bleeding post-surgery in oral or otolaryngological; oral and maxillofacial trauma, etc.	Class I
Specific patients requiring lung isolation
1	Patient with massive hemoptysis caused by conditions, such as bronchiectasis, pneumonia, or lung abscess, etc.	Class II	[60]
2	Patient with airway bleeding, such as severe trauma, etc.	Class I	[39]
Clinical scenarios which not recommended the use of TILP
1	Patient with cervical spine injury	Class II
2	Patient with hemodynamic instability	Class II
3	Patient with high-risk of cardiopulmonary arrest	Class II
4	Patient with open chest trauma or unstable chest wall injuries	Class I
5	Patient with open abdominal trauma	Class II
Methods to enhance the safety and quality of TILP
1	Be familiar with the anatomy of the upper respiratory tract and proficient in assessing the airway based on imaging data	Class I
2	Operator should be proficient in using airway management tools (such as endotracheal tubes, laryngeal masks, light wands, and fiberoptic bronchoscopes) and have undergone standardized TILP training	Class I	[25,26,40,61⇓ -63]
3	Enhance denitrogenating and oxygenation or utilize apneic oxygenation techniques to extend the safe apnea time	Class I
4	If patient with an inadequate airway during TILP, the laryngeal mask airway is the preferred choice in the absence of contraindications	Class I	[64]

Table 1.

Figure 1.

References 72

1	Long B, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: endotracheal intubation. Am J Emerg Med. 2024; 85: 108-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.08.042 pmid: 39255682
2	Russotto V, Myatra SN, Laffey JG, Tassistro E, Antolini L, Bauer P, et al. Intubation practices and adverse peri-intubation events in critically ill patients from 29 countries. JAMA. 2021; 325(12): 1164-72. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1727 pmid: 33755076
3	Nolan JP, Kelly FE. Airway challenges in critical care. Anaesthesia. 2011; 66(Suppl 2): 81-92.
4	Cook TM, MacDougall-Davis SR. Complications and failure of airway management. Br J Anaesth. 2012; 109(Suppl 1): i68-i85.
5	Brown CA 3rd, Bair AE, Pallin DJ, Walls RM; NEAR III Investigators. Techniques, success, and adverse events of emergency department adult intubations. Ann Emerg Med. 2015; 65(4): 363-70.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.10.036 pmid: 25533140
6	Godschalx V, Vanhoof M, Soetens F, Van de Putte P, Hadzic A, Van de Velde M, et al. The role of gastric ultrasound in anaesthesia for emergency surgery: a review and clinical guidance. Eur J Anaesthesiol Intensive Care. 2023; 2(4): e0027.
7	Ababneh O, Bsisu I, El-Share’ AI, Alrabayah M, Qudaisat I, Alghanem S, et al. Awake nasal fiberoptic intubation in lateral position for severely obese patients with anticipated difficult airway: a randomized controlled trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2023; 11(21): 2818.
8	Wen TT, Liu ZL, Zeng M, Zhang Y, Cheng BL, Fang XM. Lateral position intubation followed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided angiotherapy in acute esophageal variceal rupture: a case report. World J Clin Cases. 2021; 9(2): 372-8.
9	Schuitenmaker JM, Kuipers T, Oude Nijhuis RAB, Schijven MP, Smout AJPM, Fockens P, et al. Sleep positional therapy for nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 20(12): 2753-62.e2.
10	Takenaka I, Aoyama K. Prevention of aspiration of gastric contents during attempt in tracheal intubation in the semi-lateral and lateral positions. World J Emerg Med. 2016; 7(4): 285-9. pmid: 27942346
11	Landry SA, Beatty C, Thomson LDJ, Wong AM, Edwards BA, Hamilton GS, et al. A review of supine position related obstructive sleep apnea: classification, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Sleep Med Rev. 2023; 72: 101847.
12	Jones AYM, Dean E. Body position change and its effect on hemodynamic and metabolic status. Heart Lung. 2004; 33(5): 281-90. pmid: 15454907
13	Walsh JH, Leigh MS, Paduch A, Maddison KJ, Armstrong JJ, Sampson DD, et al. Effect of body posture on pharyngeal shape and size in adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2008; 31(11): 1543-9. doi: 10.1093/sleep/31.11.1543 pmid: 19014074
14	Simadibrata DM, Lesmana E, Amangku BR, Wardoyo MP, Simadibrata M. Left lateral decubitus sleeping position is associated with improved gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases. 2023; 11(30): 7329-36. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i30.7329 pmid: 37969463
15	Wieslander B, Ramos JG, Ax M, Petersson J, Ugander M. Supine, prone, right and left gravitational effects on human pulmonary circulation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2019; 21(1): 69.
16	McLean SR, Lohser J. Physiology of the lateral decubitus position, open chest, and one-lung ventilation. In: Slinger P. (eds). Principles and Practice of Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery. Springer International Publishing, 2019: 93-105.
17	Licker M, Hagerman A, Jeleff A, Schorer R, Ellenberger C. The hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: from physiology to clinical application in thoracic surgery. Saudi J Anaesth. 2021; 15(3): 250-63. doi: 10.4103/sja.sja_1216_20 pmid: 34764832
18	Sriamad R, Chaiduang S, Klinsophon T, Thaveeratitham P. Body positions alter hemodynamics and respiration in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chin Med Sci J. 2024; 39(1): 29-45. doi: 10.24920/004281 pmid: 38438278
19	Wang Y, Xu HS, Li H, Cheng BL, Fang XM. Lung aeration and ventilation after general anesthesia in left lateral position: a prospective observational study using electrical impedance tomography. Ann Palliat Med. 2021; 10(2): 1285-95. doi: 10.21037/apm-20-1029 pmid: 33040550
20	Fujita M, Miyamoto S, Sekiguchi H, Eiho S, Sasayama S. Effects of posture on sympathetic nervous modulation in patients with chronic heart failure. Lancet. 2000; 356(9244): 1822-3. pmid: 11117920
21	Miyamoto S, Fujita M, Sekiguchi H, Okano Y, Nagaya N, Ueda K, et al. Effects of posture on cardiac autonomic nervous activity in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37(7): 1788-93. pmid: 11401112
22	Prasad MK, Sinha AK, Bhadani UK, Chabra B, Rani K, Srivastava B. Management of difficult airway in penetrating cervical spine injury. Indian J Anaesth. 2010; 54(1): 59-61. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.60501 pmid: 20532076
23	Kumar N, Bindra A, Mahajan C, Yadav N. Airway management in a patient of ankylosing spondylitis with traumatic cervical spine injury. Saudi J Anaesth. 2015; 9(3): 327-9. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.154741 pmid: 26240557
24	Lim JA, Jeong MY, Kim JH. Airway management using laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in a patient in a lateral decubitus position: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(51): e18287.
25	Li H, Wang W, Lu YP, Wang Y, Chen LH, Lei LP, et al. Evaluation of endotracheal intubation with a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in lateral patient positioning: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl). 2016; 129(17): 2045-9.
26	Komatsu R, Nagata O, Sessler DI, Ozaki M. The intubating laryngeal mask airway facilitates tracheal intubation in the lateral position. Anesth Analg. 2004; 98(3): 858-61. pmid: 14980953
27	Rao QQ, Yu H, Li P, Zhang GW, Zeng J, Pu Q, et al. Efficacy and safety of video double-lumen tube intubation in lateral position in patients undergoing thoracic surgery: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2024; 24(1): 179. doi: 10.1186/s12871-024-02567-w pmid: 38769487
28	Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Francés R, et al. Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part I. Rev Española De Anestesiología Y Reanimación (Engl Ed). 2024; 71(3):171-206.
29	Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre JA, Onrubia-Fuertes X, López T, Abad-Gurumeta A, Casans-Francés R, et al. Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), Spanish Society of Emergency and Emergency Medicine (SEMES) and Spanish Society of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (SEORL-CCC) Guideline for difficult airway management. Part II. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed). 2024; 71(3):207-47.
30	Moon TS, Fox PE, Somasundaram A, Minhajuddin A, Gonzales MX, Pak TJ, et al. The influence of morbid obesity on difficult intubation and difficult mask ventilation. J Anesth. 2019; 33(1): 96-102. doi: 10.1007/s00540-018-2592-7 pmid: 30617589
31	Kheterpal S, Han R, Tremper KK, Shanks A, Tait AR, O’Reilly M, et al. Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2006; 105(5): 885-91. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200611000-00007 pmid: 17065880
32	Riad W, Vaez MN, Raveendran R, Tam AD, Quereshy FA, Chung F, et al. Neck circumference as a predictor of difficult intubation and difficult mask ventilation in morbidly obese patients: a prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016; 33(4): 244-9. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000324 pmid: 26351829
33	Ajimi J, Nishiyama J, Hosoi S, Masuda R, Miura M, Suzuki T, et al. Successful double-lumen tube intubation in the lateral position for a patient with a giant superior mediastinal tumor. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2021; 46(1): 22-5. pmid: 33835471
34	Nakao KT, Komasawa N, Kuzukawa Y, Fujitate Y, Minami T. Successful double-lumen tube intubation with the Pentax-AWS Airwayscope and a tracheal tube introducer in the lateral position for a patient with a giant mediastinal tumor. Masui. 2014; 63(6): 658-61.
35	Otake S, Oyama T, Murakami H, Horiguchi J, Fukutomi T, Kato R. Giant mature cystic teratoma causing loss of consciousness before surgery. Kyobu Geka. 2023; 76(4): 320-3.
36	Nakao KT, Komasawa N, Kusaka Y, Minami T. Rapid-sequence intubation in the left-lateral tilt position in a pregnant woman with premature placental abruption utilizing a videolaryngoscope. AJP Rep. 2015; 5(1): e30-e32.
37	Charya AV, Holden VK, Pickering EM. Management of life-threatening hemoptysis in the ICU. J Thorac Dis. 2021; 13(8): 5139-58. doi: 10.21037/jtd-19-3991 pmid: 34527355
38	Håkanson E, Konstantinov IE, Fransson SG, Svedjeholm R. Management of life-threatening haemoptysis. Br J Anaesth. 2002; 88(2): 291-5.
39	Almeida C, Freitas MJ, Brandão D, Assunção JP. Use of bronchial blocker in emergent thoracotomy in presence of upper airway hemorrhage, and cervical spine fracture:a difficult decision. Braz J Anesthesiol Engl Ed. 2018; 68(4): 408-11.
40	Goh SY, Thong SY, Chen YF, Kong AS. Efficacy of intubation performed by trainees on patients in the lateral position. Singapore Med J. 2016; 57(9): 503-6.
41	Sabil A, Blanchard M, Trzepizur W, Goupil F, Meslier N, Paris A, et al. Positional obstructive sleep apnea within a large multicenter French cohort: prevalence, characteristics, and treatment outcomes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020; 16(12): 2037-46.
42	American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2014; 120(2): 268-86.
43	Goswami D, Singh A, Yadav P, Roychoudhury A. Challenges during bilateral total temporomandibular joint replacement for ankylosis in ankylosing spondylitis patient-a case report. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2021; 11(4): 544-6.
44	Yang SZ, Huang SS, Yi WB, Lv WW, Li L, Qi F. Awake fiberoptic intubation and use of bronchial blockers in ankylosing spondylitis patients. World J Clin Cases. 2021; 9(23): 6705-16.
45	Li XN, Curry EJ, Blais M, Ma R, Sungarian AS. Intraspinal penetrating stab injury to the middle thoracic spinal cord with no neurologic deficit. Orthopedics. 2012; 35(5): e770-e773.
46	Sankpal J, Rahul K, Phadke A, Sankpal S. Thoraco-abdominal impalement injury with two construction iron bars - A rare case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020; 67: 80-1.
47	Singh N, Rao PB, Samal RL. TruView video laryngoscope for lateral position intubation in a patient with giant presacral neurofibroma. J Emerg Med. 2019; 57(3): 380-2. doi: S0736-4679(19)30423-8 pmid: 31378445
48	Goyal K, Rath GP, Chowdhury T, Mahajan C. Boneless occiput and awake fibreoptic intubation in lateral position. Indian J Anaesth. 2010; 54(3): 265-6. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.65355 pmid: 20885883
49	Dimitriou V, El Kouny A, Al Harbi M, Wambi F, Tawfeeq N, Tanweer A, et al. Airtraq8 optical laryngoscope for tracheal intubation in a patient with an uncommon giant lipoma on the posterior aspect of neck and additional risk factors of anticipated difficult airway: a case report. Middle East J Anaesthesiol. 2015; 23(3): 355-8.
50	Grăjdieru O, Petrișor C, Bodolea C, Tomuleasa C, Constantinescu C. Anaesthesia management for giant intraabdominal tumours: a case series study. J Clin Med. 2024; 13(5): 1321.
51	Adachi YU, Satomoto M, Higuchi H. Fiberoptic orotracheal intubation in the left semilateral position. Anesth Analg. 2002; 94(2):477-8. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200202000-00056 pmid: 11812727
52	Dimitriou V, Voyagis GS. Use of the intubating laryngeal mask for airway management and light-guided tracheal intubation in the lateral position. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2000; 17(6): 395-7.
53	Bednarek OL, Morgan BE, Khorovets A, Plourde MM, French DG. Congenital adult tracheoesophageal fistula repair with transthoracic ventilation: a case report. Can J Anaesth. 2022; 69(9): 1174-7.
54	Jin Y, Ying J, Zhang K, Fang XM. Endotracheal intubation under video laryngoscopic guidance during upper gastrointestinal endoscopic surgery in the left lateral position: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017; 96(52): e9461.
55	Apinyachon W, Thamnoranart M, Lavanrattanakul P, Sangasilpa I, Suragul W. Endotracheal intubation of patients in left semi-prone position before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomised controlled study. Indian J Anaesth. 2022; 66(10): 700-6. doi: 10.4103/ija.ija_165_22 pmid: 36437969
56	Shinohara H, Ishii H, Kakuyama M, Fukuda K. Morbidly obese patient with a huge ovarian tumor who was intubated while awake using airway scope in lateral decubitus position. Masui. 2010; 59(5): 625-8.
57	Cho Y, Suzuki S, Yokoi M, Shimada M, Kuwabara S, Murayama A. Lateral position prevents respiratory occlusion during surgical procedure under general anesthesia in the patient of huge anterior mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 52(10): 476-9.
58	Kumar N, Bindra A, Kumar N, Yadav N, Sharma S. Anesthetic concerns in a huge congenital sublingual swelling obscuring airway access. Saudi J Anaesth. 2015; 9(2): 202-3. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.152888 pmid: 25829912
59	Yokogawa F, Oe K, Hosokawa M, Masui K. Lateral position for difficult intubation in a patient with history of hemiglossectomy and flap reconstruction: a case report. JA Clin Rep. 2022; 8(1): 16.
60	Lin TS, Lai CY, Ho ML, Chou MC. Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for right middle lobe bronchiectasis. Int Surg. 2004; 89(3): 136-9.
61	Charoenkoop P, Luetrakool P, Puttapornpattana T, Sangdee N. Anesthesiology trainees performing flexible scope intubation in spontaneously breathing patients in the left lateral position and the supine position: a prospective randomized trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022; 22(1): 93. doi: 10.1186/s12871-022-01636-2 pmid: 35366811
62	Cheng KI, Chu KS, Chau SW, Ying SL, Hsu HT, Chang YL, et al. Lightwand-assisted intubation of patients in the lateral decubitus position. Anesth Analg. 2004; 99(1): 279-83.
63	Panwar M, Bharadwaj A, Chauhan G, Kalita D. Intubating laryngeal mask airway as an independent ventilatory and intubation device. A comparison between supine, right lateral and left lateral. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013; 65(4): 306-11. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2013.65.4.306 pmid: 24228142
64	McCaul CL, Harney D, Ryan M, Moran C, Kavanagh BP, Boylan JF. Airway management in the lateral position: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2005; 101(4): 1221-5. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000171712.44746.bb pmid: 16192549
65	Johnston KD, Rai MR. Conscious sedation for awake fibreoptic intubation: a review of the literature. Can J Anaesth. 2013; 60(6): 584-99. doi: 10.1007/s12630-013-9915-9 pmid: 23512191
66	He XY, Cao JP, He Q, Shi XY. Dexmedetomidine for the management of awake fibreoptic intubation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2014(1): CD009798.
67	Tang ZH, Chen Q, Wang X, Su N, Xia ZY, Wang Y, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the safety and efficacy of remifentanil and dexmedetomidine for awake fiberoptic endoscope intubation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021; 100(14): e25324.
68	Bhalotra AR, Arya M, Singh R, Dhiman S. Comparative evaluation of nebulized versus intravenous dexmedetomidine on intubating conditions during awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth. 2024; 95: 111461.
69	Hewitt N, Bucknall T, Faraone NM. Lateral positioning for critically ill adult patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; 2016(5): CD007205.
70	Yan CL, Sun XL, Sun YX, Zuo MZ, Hua Z. Clinical application and progress in preoxygenation techniques. Minerva Anestesiol. 2025; 91(1-2):80-91.
71	Patel A, El-Boghdadly K. Facemask or high-flow nasal oxygenation: time to switch? Anaesthesia. 2022; 77(1): 7-11.
72	Gómez-Ríos MÁ, Sastre J, Mayo-Yáñez M, Serrano-Moraza A. A new perspective on managing the difficult airway: the guidelines of the Spanish Societies of Anesthesiology, Reanimation and Pain Therapy (SEDAR), emergency medicine (SEMES) and otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery (SEORL-CCC). Emergencias. 2024; 36(4): 303-8. doi: 10.55633/s3me/039.2024 pmid: 39234836

[1]	Qingyuan Liu, Yixin Zhang, Jian Sun, Kaipeng Wang, Yueguo Wang, Yulan Wang, Cailing Ren, Yan Wang, Jiashan Zhu, Shusheng Zhou, Mengping Zhang, Yinglei Lai, Kui Jin. Early identification of high-risk patients admitted to emergency departments using vital signs and machine learning [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2025, 16(2): 113-120.
[2]	Mümin Murat Yazici, Özcan Yavaşi̇. Effect of a cervical collar on optic nerve sheath diameter in trauma patients [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2024, 15(2): 126-130.
[3]	Ganying Huang, Huijie Yang, Huan Yao, Xinxin Fan, Wenqin Xia, Yuansheng Xu, Xiaoling Shen, Xue Zhao. Application of multidisciplinary in situ simulation training in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a quality improvement project [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2024, 15(1): 41-46.
[4]	Cansu Durak, Ebru Guney Sahin, Yasar Yusuf Can, Alican Sarisaltik, Kubra Boydag Guvenc. The value of prognostic markers for pediatric trauma patients [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2023, 14(6): 448-453.
[5]	Yufang Lin, Fei’er Song, Weiyue Zeng, Yichi Han, Xiujuan Chen, Xuanhui Chen, Yu Ouyang, Xueke Zhou, Guoxiang Zou, Ruirui Wang, Huixian Li, Xin Li. Cardiopulmonary prognosis of prophylactic endotracheal intubation in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding undergoing endoscopy [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2023, 14(5): 372-379.
[6]	Catherine V. Levitt, Quincy K. Tran, Hashem Hraky, Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi, Ali Pourmand. Emergency department approach to monkeypox [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2023, 14(5): 341-348.
[7]	Xin Lu, Shi Feng, Shi-gong Guo, Mu-bing Qin, Xiang-ning Liu, Shi-yuan Yu, Li-na Zhao, Zeng-zheng Ge, Jing-jing Chai, Sheng-yong Xu, Di Shi, Ji-hai Liu, Hua-dong Zhu, Yi Li. Development of an intensive simulating training program in emergency medicine for medical students in China [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2022, 13(1): 23-26.
[8]	Janett Kreutziger, Philip Puchner, Stefan Schmid, Wolfgang Mayer, Harald Prossliner, Wolfgang Lederer. Accuracy of training blood volume quantification using a visual estimation tool [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2021, 12(3): 174-178.
[9]	Hao-tian Chen, Jian-feng Xu, Xiao-xia Huang, Ni-ya Zhou, Yong-kui Wang, Yue Mao. Blood eosinophils and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A propensity score matching analysis [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2021, 12(2): 131-136.
[10]	Jung Wan Kim, Jin Woong Lee, Seung Ryu, Jung Soo Park, InSool Yoo, Yong Chul Cho, Hong Joon Ahn. Changes in peak inspiratory flow rate and peak airway pressure with endotracheal tube size during chest compression [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020, 11(2): 97-101.
[11]	Samantha Shwe, Lauren Witchey, Shadi Lahham, Ethan Kunstadt, Inna Shniter, John C. Fox. Retrospective analysis of eFAST ultrasounds performed on trauma activations at an academic level-1 trauma center [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2020, 11(1): 12-17.
[12]	Elaine Situ-LaCasse, Helpees Guirguis, Lucas Friedman, Asad E. Patanwala, Seth E. Cohen, Srikar Adhikari. Can emergency physicians perform extended compression ultrasound for the diagnosis of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis? [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2019, 10(4): 205-209.
[13]	Robert D. Willmore, Damjan Veljanoski, Feray Ozdes, Bethan Stephens, James Mooney, Seamus G. Crumley, Arpan Doshi, Philippa Davies, Shreya Badhrinarayanan, Emily Day, Kristian Tattam, April Wilson, Nathan Crang, Lorna Green, Craig A. Mounsey, Howell Fu, Joseph Williams, Michelle S. D'souza, Dhanya Sebastian, Liam A. Mcgiveron, Matthew G. Percy, James Cohen, Imogen J. John, Alice Lethbridge, Imogen Watkins, Omar Amin, Mubasher A. Qamar, John Gerrard Hanrahan, Emily Cramond-Wong. Do medical students studying in the United Kingdom have an adequate factual knowledge of basic life support? [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2019, 10(2): 75-80.
[14]	Amairah Fahad Aloushan, Faisal Abdullah Almoaiqel, Raid Naysh Alghamdi, Fatmah Ismail Alnahari, Abdulaziz Fahad Aldosari, Nazish Masud, Nawfal Abdullah Aljerian. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding oxygen therapy at emergency departments in Riyadh in 2017: A cross-sectional study [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2019, 10(2): 88-93.
[15]	Rakesh Gupta, Isaac Siemens, Sam Campbell. The use of outcome feedback by emergency medicine physicians: Results of a physician survey [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2019, 10(1): 14-18.