S100B protein in serum is elevated after global cerebral ischemic injury

doi:10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.03.001

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: S100B protein in patients with cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock and other causes of global cerebral ischemic injury will be dramatically increased. Ischemic brain injury may elevate the level of serum S100B protein and the severity of brain damage.
METHODS: This article is a critical and descriptive review on S100B protein in serum after ischemic brain injury. We searched Pubmed database with key words or terms such as "S100B protein", "cardiac arrest", "hemorrhagic shock" and "ischemia reperfusion injury" appeared in the last five years.
RESULTS: S100B protein in patients with cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock and other causes of ischemic brain injury will be dramatically increased. Ischemic brain injury elevated the level of serum S100B protein, and the severity of brain damage.
CONCLUSION: The level of S100B protein in serum is elevated after ischemic brain injury, but its mechanism is unclear.

Key words: S100B, Ischemic brain injury, Cardiac arrest, Hemorrhagic shock

Bao-di Sun, Hong-mei Liu, Shi-nan Nie. S100B protein in serum is elevated after global cerebral ischemic injury[J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2013, 4(3): 165-168.

References 30

1	Santamaria-Kisiel L, Rintala-Dempsey A, Shaw G. Calcium-dependent and -independent interactions of the S100 protein family. Biochem J 2006; 396:201-214. pmid: 16683912
2	Donato R, Sorci G, Riuzzi F, Arcuri C, Bianchi R, Brozzi F, et al. S100B's double life: intracellular regulator and extracellular signal. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 6:1008-1022.
3	Huang M, Dong XQ, Hu YY, Yu WH, Zhang ZY. High S100B levels in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients with acute basal ganglial hemorrhage are associated with poor outcome. World J Emerg Med 2010; 1:22-31. pmid: 25214936
4	Bianchi R, Adami C, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B binding to RAGE in microglia stimulates COX-2 expression. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:108-118. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0306198 pmid: 17023559
5	Bianchi R, Giambanco I, Donato R. S100B/RAGE-dependent activation of microglia via NF-[kappa] B and AP-1 Co-regulation of COX-2 expression by S100B, IL-1 [beta] and TNF-[alpha]. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 31:665-677. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.017
6	Wiesmann M, Missler U, Gottmann D, Gehring S. Plasma S-100b protein concentration in healthy adults is age-and sex-independent. Clin Chem 1998; 44:1056-1058. pmid: 9590385
7	Mori T, Koyama N, Arendash GW, Horikoshi-Sakuraba Y, Tan J, Town T. Overexpression of human S100B exacerbates cerebral amyloidosis and gliosis in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2010; 58:300-314. doi: 10.1002/glia.20924 pmid: 19705461
8	Villarreal A, Aviles Reyes RX, Angelo MF, Reines AG, Ramos AJ. S100B alters neuronal survival and dendrite extension via RAGE-mediated NF-kappaB signaling. J Neurochem 2011; 117:321-332. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07207.x pmid: 21291473
9	Vos PE, Jacobs B, Andriessen TM, Lamers KJ, Borm GF, Beems T, et al. GFAP and S100B are biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: an observational cohort study. Neurology 2010; 75:1786-1793. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181fd62d2 pmid: 21079180
10	Bloomfield SM, McKinney J, Smith L, Brisman J. Reliability of S100B in predicting severity of central nervous system injury. Neurocrit Care 2007; 6:121-138. doi: 10.1007/s12028-007-0008-x
11	Wiesmann M, Steinmeier E, Magerkurth O, Linn J, Gottmann D, Missler U. Outcome prediction in traumatic brain injury: comparison of neurological status, CT findings, and blood levels of S100B and GFAP. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2010; 121:178-185.
12	Unden J, Romner B. Can low serum levels of S100B predict normal CT findings after minor head injury in adults?: An evidence-based review and meta-analysis. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2010; 25:228-240.
13	Song KJ, Shin SD, Ong ME, Jeong JS. Can early serum levels of S100B protein predict the prognosis of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest?. Resuscitation 2010; 81:337-342.
14	Shinozaki K, Oda S, Sadahiro T, Nakamura M, Hirayama Y, Abe R, et al. S-100B and neuron-specific enolase as predictors of neurological outcome in patients after cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation: a systematic review. Crit Care 2009; 13:R121.
15	Mörtberg E, Zetterberg H, Nordmark J, Blennow K, Rosengren L, Rubertsson S. S-100B is superior to NSE, BDNF and GFAP in predicting outcome of resuscitation from cardiac arrest with hypothermia treatment. Resuscitation 2011; 82:26-31. pmid: 21071131
16	Helánová K, Pařenica J, Jarkovský J, Dostálová L, Littnerová S, Klabenešová I, et al. S-100B protein elevation in patients with the acute coronary syndrome after resuscitation is a predictor of adverse neurological prognosis. Vnitr Lek 2012; 58:266-272. pmid: 22559799
17	Lippi G, Aloe R, Numeroso F, Cervellin G. The significance of protein S-100B testing in cardiac arrest patients. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:567-575. pmid: 21458434
18	Wang XJ, Wang M. The S100 protein family and its application in cardiac diseases. World J Emerg Med 2010; 1:165-168. pmid: 25214961
19	Krizbai IA, Lenzser G, Szatmari E, Farkas AE, Wilhelm I, Fekete Z, et al. Blood-brain barrier changes during compensated and decompensated hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2005; 24:428-433. pmid: 16247328
20	Blyth BJ, Farhavar A, Gee C, Hawthorn B, He H, Nayak A, et al. Validation of serum markers for blood-brain barrier disruption in traumatic brain. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1497-1507.
21	Pelinka LE, Bahrami S, Szalay L, Umar F, Redl H. Hemorrhagic shock induces an S 100 B increase associated with shock severity. Shock 2003; 19:422-426.
22	Meybohm P, Cavus E, Dörges V, Weber B, Stadlbauer KH, Wenzel V, et al. Release of protein S100B in haemorrhagic shock: effects of small volume. Resuscitation 2008; 76:449-456. pmid: 17976887
23	Kang J, Gong P, Ren YB, Gao DN, Ding QL. Effect of β-sodium aescinate on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression in rat brain cortex after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. World J Emerg Med 2013; 4:63-68. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.01.012 pmid: 25215095
24	Elmer J, Alam H, Wilcox SR. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers for hemorrhagic shock. Resuscitation 2011; 83:285-292.
25	James ML, Blessing R, Phillips-Bute BG, Bennett E, Laskowitz DT. S100B and brain natriuretic peptide predict functional neurological outcome after intracerebral haemorrhage. Biomarkers 2009; 14:388-394. pmid: 19505208
26	Beer C, Blacker D, Bynevelt M, Hankey GJ, Puddey IB. Systemic markers of inflammation are independently associated with S100B concentration: results of an observational study in subjects with acute ischaemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:71. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-71 pmid: 21034449
27	Dassan P, Keir G, Brown MM. Criteria for a clinically informative serum biomarker in acute ischaemic stroke: a review of S100B. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 27:295-302.
28	Pelinka LE, Harada N, Szalay L, Jafarmadar M, Redl H, Bahrami S. Release of S100B differs during ischemia and reperfusion of the liver, the gut and the kidney in rats. Shock 2004; 21:72-76. doi: 10.1097/01.shk.0000101672.49265.14 pmid: 14676687
29	Ohtani R, Tomimoto H, Wakita H, Kitaguchi H, Nakaji K, Takahashi R. Expression of S100 protein and protective effect of arundic acid on the rat brain in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res 2007; 2:195-200.
30	Rainey T, Lesko M, Sacho R, Lecky F, Childs C. Predicting outcome after severe traumatic brain injury using the serum S100B biomarker: results using a single (24 h) time-point. Resuscitation 2009; 80:341-345.

[1]	Young Min Kim, Hyun Seok Chai, Gwan Jin Park, Sang Chul Kim, Hoon Kim, Seok Woo Lee, Hyeon Jeong Park, Han Bit Kim, Hyo Been Lee, Ji Han Lee. Effect of bag valve ventilation versus mechanical ventilation after endotracheal intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a propensity score analysis [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2025, 16(4): 313-320.
[2]	Rui Shao, Chenchen Hang, Xingsheng Wang, Luying Zhang, Fei Shao, Ziren Tang. The “SOOTEST-ICU” bundle for optimizing cerebral hypoxia and reperfusion to minimize brain injury after resuscitation from cardiac arrest [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2025, 16(3): 206-211.
[3]	Jie Chen, Zhonghao Li, Xiaoyu Liu, Tianpeng Hu, Nan Gao, Weijian Zhang, Guoqiang Zhang. Potential common key genes associated with myocardial dysfunction and brain injury following cardiac arrest resuscitation in a rat model [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2025, 16(3): 231-238.
[4]	Tingting Xu, Shaokun Wang, Liqiang Zhao, Jiawen Wang, Jihong Xing. A two-sample Mendelian randomization study on the relationship of body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference with cardiac arrest [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2025, 16(2): 129-135.
[5]	Wachira Wongtanasarasin, Daniel K. Nishijima, Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai, Jeffrey S. Hoch. Real-world cost-effectiveness of targeted temperature management in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors: results from an academic medical center [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2025, 16(1): 28-34.
[6]	Hao Li, Chang Liu, Ying Cui, Panpan Chang, Wei Chong. Effect of tubastatin A on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages under hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2024, 15(4): 289-296.
[7]	Subi Abudurexiti, Shihai Xu, Zhangping Sun, Yi Jiang, Ping Gong. Glucose metabolic reprogramming-related parameters for the prediction of 28-day neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in patients after cardiac arrest: a prospective single-center observational study [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2024, 15(3): 197-203.
[8]	Jing Yang, Hanqi Tang, Shihuan Shao, Feng Xu, Yangyang Fu, Shengyong Xu, Chen Li, Yan Li, Yang Liu, Joseph Harold Walline, Huadong Zhu, Yuguo Chen, Xuezhong Yu, Jun Xu. A novel predictor of unsustained return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest patients through a combination of capnography and pulse oximetry: a multicenter observational study [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2024, 15(1): 16-22.
[9]	Rashed Alremeithi, Quincy K. Tran, Megan T. Quintana, Soroush Shahamatdar, Ali Pourmand. Approach to traumatic cardiac arrest in the emergency department: a narrative literature review for emergency providers [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2024, 15(1): 3-9.
[10]	Gannan Wang, Zhe Wang, Yi Zhu, Zhongman Zhang, Wei Li, Xufeng Chen, Yong Mei. The neuro-prognostic value of the ion shift index in cardiac arrest patients following extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2023, 14(5): 354-359.
[11]	Guang-qi Guo, Yan-nan Ma, Shuang Xu, Hong-rong Zhang, Peng Sun. Effect of post-rewarming fever after targeted temperature management in cardiac arrest patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2023, 14(3): 217-223.
[12]	Gan-nan Wang, Zhong-man Zhang, Wen Chen, Xiao-quan Xu, Jin-song Zhang. Timing of brain computed tomography for predicting neurological prognosis in comatose cardiac arrest survivors: a retrospective observational study [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2022, 13(5): 349-354.
[13]	Shi-jiao Yan, Mei Chen, Jing Wen, Wen-ning Fu, Xing-yue Song, Huan-jun Chen, Ri-xing Wang, Mei-ling Chen, Xiao-tong Han, Chuan-zhu Lyu. Global research trends in cardiac arrest research: a visual analysis of the literature based on CiteSpace [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2022, 13(4): 290-296.
[14]	Hong-li Xiao, Lian-xing Zhao, Jun Yang, Nan Tong, Le An, Guo-xing Wang, Miao-rong Xie, Chun-sheng Li. Increasing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2/ACE axes ratio alleviates early pulmonary vascular remodeling in a porcine model of acute pulmonary embolism with cardiac arrest [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2022, 13(3): 208-214.
[15]	Chao-yu Lei, Heng-wei Qin, Xue-jie Dong, Jia-lin You, Lin Zhang. Layperson’s performance on an unconversant type of AED device: A prospective crossover simulation experimental study [J]. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2022, 13(2): 98-105.

S100B protein in serum is elevated after global cerebral ischemic injury Open Access

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References 30

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Comments