| Acute toxicity | 96 (78.0) | 55 (69.6) | 41 (91.1) | 0.006a |
| Nature of poisoning | | | | <0.001a |
| Accidental | 14 (11.4) | 1 (1.3) | 13 (28.9) | |
| Adverse drug reaction | 86 (69.9) | 78 (97.5) | 10 (22.2) | |
| Intentional | 23 (18.7) | 1 (1.3) | 22 (48.9) | |
| Major toxic herbal ingredients involved | | | | |
| Aconitine | 18 (14.6) | 18 (22.5) | 0 (0) | 0.001a |
| Atropine/hyoscyamine/scopolamine | 3 (2.4) | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0) | NSb |
| Cardiac glycosides | 4 (3.3) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (4.4) | NSb |
| Psoralen/isopsoralen | 10 (8.1) | 9 (11.3) | 2 (4.4) | NSb |
| Sophora alkaloids | 9 (7.3) | 9 (11.3) | 0 (0) | 0.026b |
| Methyl salicylate | 16 (13.0) | 0 (0) | 16 (35.6) | <0.001a |
| Anthraquinones | 13 (10.6) | 12 (15.0) | 3 (6.7) | NSa |
| Co-ingestion of Western medicine | 14 (11.4) | 1 (1.3) | 13 (28.9) | <0.001a |
| Time from exposure to symptom onset | | | | <0.001a |
| <1 hour | 13 (10.6) | 8 (10.0) | 5 (11.1) | |
| ≥1-4 hours | 45 (36.6) | 32 (40.0) | 13 (28.9) | |
| >4-24 hours | 13 (10.6) | 12 (15.0) | 1 (2.2) | |
| >24 hours | 11 (8.9) | 11 (13.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Not applicable (no symptom) | 8 (6.5) | 1 (1.3) | 7 (15.6) | |
| Unknown | 33 (26.8) | 16 (20.0) | 19 (42.2) | |
| Time from exposure to ED presentation | | | | <0.001a |
| <1 hour | 6 (4.9) | 1 (1.3) | 5 (11.1) | |
| ≥1-4 hours | 44 (35.8) | 21 (26.3) | 23 (51.1) | |
| >4-24 hours | 32 (26.0) | 24 (30.0) | 8 (17.8) | |
| >24 hours | 28 (22.8) | 25 (31.3) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Unknown | 13 (10.6) | 9 (11.3) | 6 (13.3) | |
| Triage categories | | | | <0.001a |
| 1 (critical) | 11 (8.9) | 4 (5.0) | 7 (15.6) | |
| 2 (emergent) | 12 (9.8) | 5 (6.3) | 7 (15.6) | |
| 3 (urgent) | 65 (52.8) | 37 (46.3) | 30 (66.7) | |
| 4 (semi-urgent) | 35 (28.5) | 34 (42.5) | 1 (2.2) | |
| 5 (non-urgent) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| PSS, median (IQR) | 1.0 ( 1.0-2.0) | 2.0 (1.0-2.0) | 1.0 (1.0-2.0) | 0.002c |
| Treatments | | | | |
| Gastric lavage | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.4) | NSb |
| Activated charcoal | 21 (17.0) | 3 (3.8) | 18 (40.0) | <0.001a |
| Antidote | 7 (5.7) | 2 (2.5) | 5 (11.1) | NSb |
| Electrical therapy | 4 (3.2) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (2.2) | NSb |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 7 (5.7) | 7 (8.8) | 0 (0) | 0.049b |
| Inotropic support | 4 (3.2) | 4 (5.0) | 0 (0) | NSb |
| Intubation and mechanical ventilation | 7 (5.7) | 3 (3.8) | 4 (8.9) | NSb |
| Renal replacement therapy | 4 (3.3) | 1 (1.3) | 3 (6.7) | NSb |
| Observation ward/emergency medicine ward admission | 59 (48.0) | 39 (48.8) | 20 (44.4) | NSa |
| General ward admission | 36 (29.3) | 23 (28.7) | 15 (33.3) | NSa |
| ICU admission | 15 (12.2) | 8 (10.0) | 7 (15.6) | NSa |
| Median ED length of stay, hours | 1.8 (1.0-2.6) | 2.0 (1.2-3.1) | 1.2 (0.7-2.5) | 0.004 |
| Median length of hospitalization, hours, median (IQR) | 26.7 (16.9-76.2) | 33.1 (17.6-90.9) | 23.2 (14.4-71.3 ) | NS |
| Median length of ICU stay, hours, median (IQR) | 30.8 (19.1-73.3) | 32.8 (19.4-81.4) | 30.4 (10.0-73.3) | NS |
| Episode death | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) | NSb |
| Poor outcome | 16 (13.0) | 8 (10.0) | 8 (17.8) | NSa |