Figure 1.

The establishement of murine model of severe trauma including: femoral fracture, abdominal soft tissue injury and hemorrhagic shock. A: external image after skin preparation; B: external image upon completion of modeling; C: X-ray image upon completion of modeling; D: external image after modeling.

Figure 2.

The overall schematic timeline of the experimental procedure.

Figure 3.

24-hour survival analysis of severe trauma in mouse models with 30%, 35%, 40%, and 50% blood loss. The survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method (n =6).

Figure 4.

Severe trauma and 30% total blood volume loss induced shock in the model mice. A: early changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP); B: early changes in body temperature; C: early changes in lactate levels. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n=6). MAP and body temperature were compared between the two groups at each time point using repeated measures ANOVA. Lactic acid data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test to compare time points with the sham group. *P< 0.05.

Table 1.

Comparisons of blood cell counts at different time points in the model and sham groups

Table 2.

Comparisons of blood gas analysis results at different time points in the model and sham groups

Figure 5.

Changes in peripheral blood inflammatory cytokines in mice models with severe trauma and 30% blood loss measured using ELISA. A: IL-6 levels; B: TNF-α levels; C: MCP-1 levels; D: IL-1β; E: IL-4 levels; F: IL-10 levels. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n=6). Levene’s test was used to evaluate the homogeneity of variances before performing multiple group comparisons. When the assumption of homogeneity was met, one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test was employed to compare differences between time points and the sham group. For groups with unequal variances, the Games-Howell test was applied. *P< 0.05. ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein.

Figure 6.

Histopathological changes in the intestine, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney tissues at different time points (1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h) post-induction. Damage was assessed by H&E staining following the induction of severe trauma with 30% blood loss (n=6).